Vedanta, the liberating but counterintuitive Science of Self-inquiry, proves that reality is non-dual consciousness not the suffering-inducing, binary, transactional reality that it appears to be. In clear modern English James enhances teachings introduced in How to Attain Enlightenment, his first popular book.

Because suffering is unnatural and freedom is natural to us, everyone seeks freedom, knowingly or unknowingly. The universal desire to remove the nagging sense low self-worth that dogs our days on earth has created a perennial enlightenment culture.

Just as the development of sophisticated scientific, psychological and literary cultures that serve human’s material, social, and intellectual needs takes centuries, the spiritual need for freedom from limitation stretches back to the beginning of human consciousness. Vedanta, the Science of Consciousness and the grandfather of all enlightenment traditions, is an independent, scientific, complete body of knowledge that connects the human heart to the non-binary factor—some call it God—that melds the apparently separate elements that comprise the creation into a conscious, loving whole.

Though non-dual thinkers appeared from time to time in the West, a spiritual culture centered around the idea of non-duality never evolved. Consequently, the Western spiritual world is an hodgepodge of initially appealing but ultimately conflicting dual and non-dual notions and practices that eventually fade, leaving the heart hungry for release from the thralldom of matter. Since the Sixties’ invasion of swamis and lamas from the East kick-started the idea of enlightenment in the West, three generations of seekers have worked diligently on themselves and are well prepared to understand the counterintuitive and radical message of traditional Vedanta—to wit: appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, reality is non-binary consciousness. What this means and how it benefits human beings in their quest for freedom from attachment is the subject matter of Essence of Enlightenment. This inspiring provocative book is written in a clear simple style that makes The Science of Self-Inquiry accessible to seekers and finders everywhere.

Because any undertaking benefits from a clear blueprint, the quest for freedom and conditional love, begins with a rigorous analysis of the basic human pursuits—security, pleasure, virtue, power, fame and knowledge—and reveals the fact that the true import of our seeking is freedom from the desires and fears that compel us to pursue worldly zero-sum goals.

An appreciation of the inherently frustrating nature of worldly pursuits often kick-starts an interest in spiritual goals and sometimes nudges our lives toward an inner solution. We begin to question why we are encased in decaying meat tubes, which initiates a quest for liberation from the confines of mortality. Unfortunately, we often discover that the spiritual world is a vast marketplace of bizarre ideas and practices that promise easy nirvanas and instant epiphanies, which are meant to free us but which, like the worldly pursuits we believe we are escaping, actually preserve, rather than remove our sense of existential dissatisfaction.

The second chapter of this best-selling insightful book, which is primarily responsible for the rising popularity of Vedanta in the West, debunks the binary enlightenment myths that lurk like hidden crocodiles in the swamp of modern spirituality.

Essence of Enlightenment, however, is not just a rational expose of the many illogical notions that pass for spiritual knowledge today but it carefully reveals the simple reason why, contrary to conventional wisdom, our desire to unthinkingly do our way out of our existential predicament is a symptom of a deeper problem—ignorance of the nature of reality itself. The inadequate self that we are trying to escape is not actually limited in any way, a fact that can only be remedied by rational investigation.

The next stage of the quest for enlightenment is an inquiry into knowledge, since it alone removes ignorance i.e. beliefs and opinions about the nature of the material world, our psychological selves and the immortal transcendent factor, our ever-present existent Consciousness that stands apart from our minds and bodies. Just as knowledge of the material world is produced by inquiry into matter, the knowledge of our eternal uncreated non-dual nature is produced by Vedanta, The science of Self Inquiry. Chapter 3 discusses the factors involved in gaining Self knowledge: the need of an independent impersonal proven means of knowledge, the qualifications necessary to gain it and the importance of a wise teacher capable of wielding the means of knowledge effectively.

Chapter five unfolds the teachings on our ever-present, unborn, eternal, actionless, non-binary identity as limitless Awareness. It shows that our essential Self is the goodness beyond good and bad and that the beauty of this creation—the sun, moon, stars and amazing sentient beings—is only a pale reflection of our innate unborn beauty. Because we are non-separate from existence itself we are everything that is. And because we love ourselves more than anything, we cannot exclude apparent others from our love.

The knowledge of the Self sits roughly in the middle of the complete train of logical thought that constitutes Vedanta, the vision of non-duality. If you fail to appreciate your beginningless blissful nature, fear not. The second half of the book unfolds the nature of the obstacles that prevent the assimilation of your limitlessness and provides proven methods for removing them.

It begins with an analysis of the unconscious mind, the part of the Self that recycles experience. Desires and fears motivate actions, which create subconscious tendencies that generate more fears and desires, which cause bondage to action. Life gradually becomes a swirling whirlpool of repetitive duties and obligations as the personality becomes alienated, boring and unimaginative. Its escapes into society’s supermarket of distractions, chemical land otherwise, soon become subject to the same unconscious power, adding another layer of conditioning to an already burdened mind. Instead of focusing on the eternal ever-present bliss of the Self, the mind becomes hopelessly extroverted and frantically tries to fulfill itself by squeezing fleeting blisses from thoughts, feelings and situations over which it has virtually no control. The joy of every gain is neutralized by the fear of its loss.

To reverse this cycle and liberate the mind from the subconscious pressure to unthinkingly act, Vedanta teaches the secret of karma yoga, which is unfolded with great clarity. Instead of seeking to escape from the world, a committed practitioner reorients his or her thinking around a different principle, based on a common sense analysis of the nature of action and its results and a deep appreciation of the moral laws controlling the field of action. Divested of the attitude that causes stress and other dysfunctional emotions, the mind relaxes and, attracted to the bliss of the Self as it reflects in a quiet mind, it is now qualified for Vedanta, the practice of Self inquiry, which reorients the mind behind the non-dual principle.

Vedanta is a three stage process that yokes the heart and mind to the non-dual principle and eventually sets it free of its attachment to objects, not objects themselves. The first stage, hearing, involves listening to the teachings without bias, a difficult feat for a mind conditioned to a plethora of unexamined beliefs and opinions, which pass for knowledge. The second stage, involves examining one’s beliefs and opinions in light of the knowledge of reality and discarding those that are not in harmony with it. The third involves actualizing Self knowledge, the result of which is that a person becomes completely satisfied with what life brings. He or she is not elated when good fortune arrives or depressed when it leaves. The final chapter is devoted to explaining the characteristics of a Self actualized person, someone who sees no differences between himself and others and loves life in all its forms and his or herself warts and all.

This unique thought-provoking book, which has established James as the pre-eminent Western authority on non-dual wisdom, also contains chapters that discuss the secondary but necessary requirements for gaining Enlightenment.